Bacterial wilt is one of the most serious diseases affecting solanaceous crops such as tomatoes, eggplants, peppers, and potatoes. This disease damages the vascular tissues of plants, disrupting their ability to transport water and nutrients. The primary symptom is rapid wilting and death of the plant, while the stems and leaves often remain green. When the affected stem is squeezed, a milky white bacterial exudate can be seen. The disease thrives in hot, humid conditions, continuous cropping, compacted soil, waterlogged fields, acidic soils, and excessive nitrogen fertilizer application. To manage this disease effectively, especially during the seedling stage of solanaceous vegetables like peppers, it's essential to implement an integrated approach that includes the use of **pesticides**.
One effective method involves applying micro-fertilizers to enhance the development of plant vascular systems and improve disease resistance. Starting from the flowering stage, you can spray a mixture of multi-element high-efficiency boron fertilizer at a rate of 100 grams per 40 kg of water, or a solution containing 0.1% to 0.2% boric acid and manganese sulfate at 50 to 60 kg per acre. This should be done every 10 to 20 days for a total of 2 to 3 applications. To prevent the buildup of acidic substances in the plant, it’s also advisable to spray a 0.5% sodium bicarbonate solution once or twice between these treatments.
For chemical control, when growing potatoes, it's crucial to use disease-free seed tubers. Soak them in a 200-times diluted formaldehyde solution for 1.5 to 2 hours, then rinse thoroughly with water. Any cutting tools used should be disinfected by soaking them in 75% alcohol to avoid spreading the pathogen.
Before or after harvesting solanaceous crops, apply 1500g to 2000g of 20% soil bactericide wettable powder per mu (approximately 667 square meters), mix it with moist soil, and incorporate it into the topsoil to effectively eliminate pathogens. In the early stages of infection, spray a streptomycin solution at a rate of 50 to 60 kg per acre, repeating the treatment every 7 to 10 days for 2 to 3 times. According to **China Pesticide Network**, it is recommended to use 20% bactericide wettable powder diluted 700 to 800 times, applying it via irrigation or spraying every 7 to 10 days, with a total of 2 to 3 applications. These measures are critical in reducing the impact of bacterial wilt and ensuring healthy crop growth.
Mini Pumps
Mini pumps can be classified based on various factors such as their application, operation, structure, and the medium they are designed to pump. Here are the main classifications:
1. Based on Application:
- Bicycle Mini Pumps: These are portable pumps used to inflate bicycle tires.
- Medical Mini Pumps: These are used in medical devices like insulin pumps.
- Aquarium Mini Pumps: These are used to pump water in small aquariums.
- Mini Air Pumps: These are used to inflate small items like balls, inflatable toys, etc.
- Mini Fuel Pumps: These are used in vehicles to pump fuel from the tank to the engine.
2. Based on Operation:
- Manual Mini Pumps: These require manual effort to operate.
- Electric Mini Pumps: These are powered by electricity and require no manual effort.
3. Based on Structure:
- Mini Centrifugal Pumps: These use a rotating impeller to move fluids.
- Mini Diaphragm Pumps: These use a diaphragm that moves back and forth to pump fluids.
- Mini Piston Pumps: These use a piston that moves in a cylinder to pump fluids.
4. Based on the Medium they Pump:
- Mini Water Pumps: These are designed to pump water.
- Mini Air Pumps: These are designed to pump air.
- Mini Oil Pumps: These are designed to pump oil.
5. Based on their Design/Type:
- Mini Submersible Pumps: These are designed to be submerged in the fluid they are pumping.
- Mini Non-Submersible Pumps: These are not designed to be submerged in the fluid they are pumping.
- Mini High-Pressure Pumps: These are designed to pump fluids at high pressure.
- Mini Low-Pressure Pumps: These are designed to pump fluids at low pressure.
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