In the growth process of black fungus, various bacteria and pests can appear, directly impacting its quality. Especially during high-temperature seasons when conditions are favorable, these issues tend to become more severe, making disease prevention and control increasingly important for maintaining the value of black fungus.
The China Pesticide Network has gathered detailed strategies for preventing and controlling these problems, which we hope will be helpful for all growers:
First, common bacterial infections and their control methods:
1. **Trichoderma**: This is a common fungal contaminant that starts with white hyphae, gradually turning green as spores develop. It often appears in ungerminated material or on the base of the ear. If not addressed promptly, it can spread rapidly, leading to poor or no mushroom growth.
**Control Measures**: Ensure thorough sterilization of the medium. If Trichoderma appears, place the bags in sunlight for 1–2 days, then spray with 0.2% or 0.1% potassium permanganate or 0.2% carbendazim solution for disinfection.
2. **Mucor (Root Mold)**: This mold starts as light white mycelium under temperatures between 25–35°C, forming pseudorhiza that penetrate the medium and produce black spores. It competes for nutrients and water, produces toxins, and hinders black fungus growth.
**Control Measures**: Follow similar steps as for Trichoderma—sterilize the medium thoroughly, expose the bags to sunlight, and apply 0.2% or 0.1% potassium permanganate or 0.2% carbendazim solution.
3. **Streptomyces**: Initially, it shows as light white hyphae that grow quickly, often causing yellowish water in the bag. It may form white blocks at the bag’s opening and produce orange-red spores. This bacterium competes with black fungus for nutrients and is commonly found in fungus bags.
**Control Measures**: Avoid high-temperature periods during bag production, use proper inoculation techniques to prevent cross-contamination, and remove Streptomyces immediately if detected. Spraying 0.2% carbendazim or bleach solution is recommended by the pesticide network.
Second, common "disease" damage and prevention:
Black fungus “ears†(also known as “sugar ears†or “watery earsâ€) result from cell rupture due to excessive moisture. When the fungus is nearly mature, it releases spores and consumes nutrients, leading to aging. High humidity, especially in warm and poorly ventilated environments, increases the risk of spoilage. Pest infestations can also contribute to ear damage.
To manage this, ensure good management practices and timely harvesting. Additionally, applying a 25 unit/liter chlortetracycline (or oxytetracycline) solution, or a 500-times diluted zinc solution (or bacteriostatic agent), can help prevent “flow ear.†If it occurs, harvest the affected parts quickly and dry them to minimize losses. Gently scrape off the damaged areas, clean with a brush, and remove any gel-like substance to promote new ear formation.
If pests are already present, the pesticide manufacturer recommends using safe, low-toxicity, and low-concentration agents to keep damage minimal and reduce economic losses.
By implementing these preventive measures and staying vigilant, growers can significantly improve the quality and yield of black fungus.
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