Stainless steel is commonly categorized based on its microstructure, including martensitic, ferritic, austenitic, austenitic-ferritic (duplex), and precipitation-hardened types. It can also be grouped by composition, such as chromium stainless steel, chromium-nickel stainless steel, and chromium-manganese-nitrogen stainless steel.
Ferritic stainless steels contain between 12% and 30% chromium. As the chromium content increases, so do their corrosion resistance, toughness, and weldability. They are particularly effective in resisting chloride stress corrosion. Examples include Cr17, Cr17Mo2Ti, Cr25, Cr25Mo3Ti, and Cr28. These steels offer high resistance to oxidation and corrosion but have lower mechanical properties and formability. They are typically used in low-stress, acid-resistant structures or as heat-resistant materials.
These steels resist atmospheric corrosion, nitric acid, and saline solutions. They also exhibit good high-temperature oxidation resistance and a low thermal expansion coefficient. Applications include equipment in nitric acid plants and food processing facilities, as well as high-temperature components like turbine parts.
Austenitic stainless steels contain over 18% chromium and about 8% nickel, along with small amounts of molybdenum, titanium, and nitrogen. They offer excellent overall performance and resistance to various corrosive environments. Common grades include 1Cr18Ni9 and 0Cr19Ni9, where the "0" indicates a carbon content below 0.08%. These steels remain austenitic at room temperature due to their high nickel and chromium content. They are highly ductile, tough, and easy to weld, with good corrosion resistance and non-magnetic or weakly magnetic properties. They are widely used in acid-resistant containers, piping systems, and even in the production of stainless steel watches. Austenitic steels are usually solution-treated by heating to 1050–1150°C and then rapidly cooled.
Duplex stainless steels combine the benefits of austenitic and ferritic structures, with each phase making up roughly half of the material. They typically have 18–28% chromium and 3–10% nickel, along with elements like molybdenum, copper, silicon, niobium, titanium, and nitrogen. These steels offer improved plasticity and toughness compared to ferritic steels, with no room-temperature embrittlement, good intergranular corrosion resistance, and weldability. They also show superplasticity and higher strength than austenitic steels, with excellent resistance to pitting and chloride stress corrosion. Additionally, they are more nickel-efficient.
Martensitic stainless steels are known for their high strength but lower ductility and weldability. Common grades include 1Cr13 and 3Cr13. Their high carbon content provides good hardness and wear resistance, though their corrosion resistance is slightly less than other types. They are often used for components requiring high mechanical strength, such as springs, turbine blades, and valve parts. These steels are typically heat-treated through quenching and tempering, with annealing required after forming.
Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are based on either austenitic or martensitic matrices. A common grade is 04Cr13Ni8Mo2Al, which can be strengthened through precipitation hardening—also known as age hardening. This process enhances the steel's strength while maintaining good corrosion resistance, making it suitable for high-performance applications.
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