Fifty years ago, people began to understand the fundamental properties of semiconductor materials that could emit light. The first commercial light-emitting diode (LED) was introduced in 1960. LED stands for Light Emitting Diode, a small but powerful device that has revolutionized lighting technology. Its basic structure consists of a semiconductor material mounted on a lead frame and then encapsulated in epoxy resin, which protects the internal components. This design gives LEDs excellent resistance to vibration and mechanical stress, making them highly durable.
The luminescence principle of an LED is based on a semiconductor wafer made up of two layers: a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor. These two layers form a junction known as a p-n junction. When an electric current passes through this junction, electrons from the n-type region combine with holes from the p-type region. This recombination releases energy in the form of photons, producing visible or invisible light. The color of the light depends on the energy gap of the semiconductor material used. LEDs are typically forward-biased, meaning that a voltage is applied to allow current to flow from the anode to the cathode. The brightness of the emitted light increases with the current flowing through the device.
Unlike traditional incandescent bulbs, LEDs do not rely on heat to produce light, making them more energy-efficient and longer-lasting. Today, they are used in a wide range of applications, from simple indicator lights to high-performance displays and smart lighting systems. Their versatility and efficiency have made them a key component in modern electronics and sustainable energy solutions.
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