Fifty years ago, people began to understand the basics of semiconductor materials that could emit light. The first commercial light-emitting diode (LED) was introduced in 1960. LED stands for Light Emitting Diode, a small but powerful component used in countless applications today. Its basic structure consists of a semiconductor chip mounted on a lead frame and then encapsulated in epoxy resin to protect the delicate internal components. This design makes LEDs highly resistant to shocks and vibrations, contributing to their long lifespan and reliability.
The working principle of an LED is based on a semiconductor wafer made up of two layers: a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor. These two layers form a junction known as a p-n junction. When an electric current passes through this junction, electrons from the n-type side combine with holes from the p-type side, releasing energy in the form of photons—tiny particles of light. This process, called electroluminescence, directly converts electrical energy into light. However, if a reverse voltage is applied, the flow of current is blocked, and no light is emitted.
LEDs are typically operated in forward bias, meaning a voltage is applied across the device so that current flows from the anode to the cathode. As the current increases, the brightness of the emitted light also increases. LEDs can produce light in a wide range of colors, from ultraviolet to infrared, depending on the materials used in the semiconductor. Today, they are widely used in lighting, displays, indicators, and many other electronic devices due to their efficiency, durability, and low power consumption.
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