Only GM cotton and transgenic rapeseed can be grown commercially in Australia
â–¡ Huang Xin
Recently, the Ministry of Agriculture approved the import of three new varieties of genetically modified soybeans, which has aroused great concern among the Chinese people. Australia is a big country in agriculture and a country with strict food quarantine. For GM foods, they do this: they prohibit the sale of fresh genetically modified foods, organic foods are not allowed to use GM materials, and only GM cotton and rapeseed are used for commercial purposes. Planting...
A
What is genetically modified food
For a long time, humans have used crossbreeding to screen out plants and animals that have better genes, which has greatly improved human food production and quality.
In recent years, a new term “transgenic food†has been circulating among people. Genetically modified foods use modern molecular biology techniques to transfer genes of certain organisms to other species, transform the genetic material of organisms, and transform them into people's desired goals in terms of shape, nutritional quality, and consumer quality. In fact, there are similarities between transgenics and conventional crossbreeding. Hybridization is the transfer of the entire gene strand (chromosomes), and the transgene is the selection of the most useful small segment of gene transfer. Therefore, transgenes have higher selectivity than hybridization.
Transgenic technology can cross species, such as the isolation of antifreeze genes in Arctic fish, and then implanted in strawberries to create new types of strawberries that can prevent frost.
As an emerging biotechnical means, transgenes are immature and uncertain, making their safety a focus of attention. People do not trust this kind of trust and cannot decide whether it is good or bad.
The earliest transgenic crops (tobacco) in the world were born in 1983, and the mature ripening tomatoes developed by Monsanto in the United States were approved for listing in the United States in 1994.
By 1996, after the first commercial planting of genetically modified plants, the growing scale of genetically modified crops was growing. The research and development of genetically modified varieties also developed rapidly. The varieties planted were mainly cotton, soybean, rice, wheat, corn and rapeseed. As of 2007, more than 114 million hectares of farmland around the world was used for the cultivation of genetically modified crops, and the GM crops produced accounted for 10% of all crops.
In 29 countries around the world, more than 15 million farmers grow genetically modified crops, of which the GM crops produced in the United States reach 50% of global production, followed by Argentina by 17%, Brazil by 13%, Canada by 6%, and India by 5%. China is 3%.
In the global soybean cultivation, the United States as the largest producer of genetically modified soybeans, the planting area in 2010 reached 29.1 million hectares, the planting rate was 93.9%, accounting for 39.7% of the world's genetically modified soybean acreage. The planting rate of GM soybeans in Argentina has been close to 100% since 2001, making it the world’s second largest producer of genetically modified soybeans.
Transgenic crops can be expanded to the present scale in a short period of time, relying mainly on the economic advantages of transgenic plants. Compared with traditional planting, GM crops are more resistant to insect pests, thereby reducing inputs for pesticides, herbicides and manpower, and farm management is more efficient.
According to the 2000 report of the US Department of Agriculture, the use of genetically modified plants in the United States during the period 1997-1998 reduced farmers' use of pesticides worth US$8.2 million. Farmers can use the money saved to increase the fertility of their land or purchase machinery to increase the efficiency of farming. From 1996 to 2004 alone, global use of pesticides decreased by 172 million kilograms due to the cultivation of genetically modified crops.
The yield of GM crops is higher than that of traditionally cultivated crops. For example, genetically modified sweet potatoes can increase production by 18%-25% and farmers' income by 30%.
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Only two GM crops can be grown commercially in Australia: cotton and rapeseed
Currently in Australia, only two transgenic crops can be grown commercially – cotton and rapeseed. In 1996, the Australian Federal Government approved the cultivation of genetically modified cotton. Today, transgenic cotton production accounts for 90% of cotton production in Australia. The promotion of GM rapeseed is not as smooth as cotton. The Australian government approved the cultivation of GM rapeseed in 2003, but many local governments have been forbidden considering the possible economic and environmental impacts of the cultivation of genetically modified plants. It was not until 2008 that New South Wales and Victoria State approved the cultivation of genetically modified rapeseed, and Western Australia (Western Australia) began planting genetically modified canola in January 2010.
The two genetically modified crops will cover an area of ​​200,000 hectares in 2009 and will increase significantly to 650,000 hectares by 2010. The planting of genetically modified cotton in Western Australia typically reflects the process of accepting genetically modified plants in Australia.
Western Australia is located on the shore of the Aude River and is suitable for cotton cultivation. It has been one of the main cotton growing areas. However, agricultural crops along the Ord River are constantly pest-infested. For example, in the 1970s, the cotton bollworm almost eliminated all the cotton, leaving the local cotton industry almost completely lost. In 2008, Western Australia cancelled the restrictions on planting genetically modified crops in the Ord River basin and began trial cultivation of genetically modified cotton.
According to officials from the Australian Department of Agricultural Research, the production of transgenic test fields based in Kununurra is better than the output of an industry-standard normal cotton field.
This year, 800 hectares of genetically modified cotton fields will be reclaimed in the Ord River region. This is the first commercial GM cotton planted in Western Australia in 10 years. The farmer David Menzell said that technological reforms are of vital importance to the cotton industry in Western Australia and that the cultivation of genetically modified cotton is the only way they continue to grow cotton. He also said that many farmers in Kununurra have participated in the planting experiment and found that genetically modified cotton can solve the serious problem of insect pests. Another farmer, Fritz Bolton, said that because of the hot and humid climate, there are not many arable agricultural products in the Ord River region. In recent years, international cotton prices have risen. If GM cotton is grown successfully, it will promote the local economy and employment.
Australia, as a big agricultural country, started late in the production of genetically modified crops and has limited varieties. However, in recent years, production has risen. It is only genetically modified cotton that has an export value of 1.5 billion Australian dollars each year, and 35% of the rapeseed produced in Australia is exported to Japan. .
In addition to commercially grown cotton and rapeseed, Australia currently conducts transgenic experiments on some plants, including papaya, wheat, barley and sugar cane. In addition, more in-depth gene technology research has been conducted on bananas, rice and corn. These transgenic experiments are mainly to increase crop pest resistance, endurance to herbicides, change their color, oil or sugar content, flowering and improved results.
Whether these GM crops can be used for large-scale commercial production needs to be investigated and reviewed by the Australian Genetic Technology Planning Bureau.
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