In the realm of Chinese art, stone carving and stone craftsmanship hold a significant place. These artistic expressions are broadly categorized based on their function and technique. Stone carvings can be divided into several types, including round sculptures, reliefs, sunken carvings, wall carvings, openwork carvings, line carvings, shadow carvings, micro-carvings, inscriptions, and more. Each form possesses its own unique characteristics and artistic style.
The classification of stone carvings by production method will be explored in detail in the fourth section of this chapter, titled "Processing of Stone Carvings and Stone Crafts."
Stone carvings and stone crafts have been widely used throughout history, primarily as decorative artworks. In China, they serve multiple purposes, such as ornamental pieces, collectibles, and functional items. Among the most popular categories are:
1. **Ornamental and Collectible Stone Craft Jewelry**
This tradition dates back thousands of years and remains highly popular today. These pieces are often made from jade and colored stones, featuring various styles like Taihu Stone, Yuhua Stone, and Three Gorges Stone. Jade ornaments found in ancient tombs, such as those from the Yin Dynasty and the Qin Emperor’s Mausoleum, showcase the rich heritage of this craft. These items continue to be admired for their beauty and cultural significance.
2. **Grottoes and Cliff Stone Carvings**
Originating during the late Han Dynasty, these carvings flourished through the Tang and Song Dynasties. They are deeply connected with Buddhist culture, depicting statues and architectural elements that reflect historical and artistic evolution. Famous examples include the Dunhuang, Yungang, Longmen, and Dazu Grottoes, which are celebrated as masterpieces of global art history.
3. **Mausoleum Stone Carvings**
These are large-scale works found in royal and noble tombs, often featuring statues of officials, animals, and symbolic figures. Notable examples include the stone carvings at the Ming Tombs in Beijing and the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong. Many of these are designated as national treasures due to their historical and artistic value.
4. **Palace, House, and Garden Stone Carvings**
Found in imperial palaces, temples, and gardens, these carvings highlight the grandeur of ancient architecture. The Forbidden City, Potala Palace, and Summer Palace all feature exquisite stone carvings, especially dragon motifs, which symbolize power and divinity.
5. **Temple and Altar Stone Carvings**
These carvings are commonly seen in religious sites, such as the Confucius Temple and the Temple of Heaven. They often include inscriptions, pillars, and symbolic figures, reflecting both spiritual and artistic traditions.
6. **Stone Bridge Carvings**
Ancient stone bridges in China are not only functional but also artistically decorated. The Anji Bridge and Lugou Bridge are famous for their intricate carvings, including dragons, lions, and mythical beasts, showcasing the craftsmanship of the time.
7. **Stone Tablets and Inscriptions**
These include memorial tablets, steles, and calligraphic inscriptions, often carved from marble or granite. The "Xi'an Beilin" museum houses thousands of such inscriptions, making it one of the largest collections of stone calligraphy in China.
8. **Tower and Monument Stone Carvings**
Many ancient towers and monuments feature detailed carvings related to religious and cultural themes. Examples include the Three Pagodas in Dali and the Yunju Temple Tower.
9. **Stone Lions (Shishi)**
Stone lions are a common decorative element in temples, palaces, and public spaces. Their postures vary, and they often reflect regional styles. The lions in front of Tiananmen Square and those on the Lugou Bridge are among the most famous.
10. **Stone Paintings and Daily Life Artifacts**
These include stone murals, screens, and household items like tea sets and lamps. Modern examples, such as the "Red Mansion Dream Story" in Yueqing County, demonstrate the evolving nature of this art form.
11. **Modern Urban and Memorial Stone Carvings**
In contemporary times, cities have embraced stone carvings as symbols of culture and remembrance. Monuments like the "People's Heroes Monument" and the "Yellow River Mother" statue exemplify how this ancient art continues to inspire new generations.
These diverse forms of stone carving not only reflect China’s rich cultural heritage but also demonstrate the enduring creativity and skill of its artisans. Whether in ancient temples or modern urban landscapes, stone carvings remain a powerful expression of human artistry and tradition.
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