Introduction
The quality of a machine tool directly impacts the quality of the final product it produces. Evaluating the performance of a machine tool involves multiple aspects, but key factors include good process adaptability, standardization, simplicity in design, lightweight construction, reliability, and high productivity. Below are some specific criteria:
Process Flexibility
Process flexibility refers to a machine tool’s ability to handle different production needs. Universal machine tools can perform multiple operations on various parts within a certain size range, making them ideal for small-batch or single-piece production. However, their complex structure may limit efficiency. On the other hand, special-purpose machine tools are designed for specific tasks, which makes them more efficient in mass production, improves accuracy, simplifies design, and reduces costs.
2. Precision and Surface Finish
To ensure the precision and surface quality of machined parts, the machine tool itself must meet strict accuracy requirements. These include geometric accuracy, motion accuracy, transmission accuracy, and dynamic accuracy.
(1) Geometric, Motion, and Transmission Accuracy – Static Characteristics
Geometric accuracy refers to the positional and shape accuracy of the main components when the machine is not in operation. It plays a crucial role in determining machining accuracy and is one of the primary indicators for evaluating a machine tool’s quality.
Motion accuracy relates to the positioning accuracy of the main components during operation at working speed. The greater the deviation in position, the lower the motion accuracy.
Transmission accuracy measures how well the movement between different parts of the drive system is coordinated and consistent.
These static accuracies are typically tested under no-load conditions. To fully assess the machine's performance, it should also maintain dynamic accuracy and shape/position accuracy under temperature changes. Factors affecting dynamic accuracy include rigidity, vibration resistance, and thermal deformation.
Rigidity is the machine’s ability to resist deformation under external forces. Higher rigidity leads to better dynamic performance. This includes both the inherent stiffness of individual components and the contact stiffness between them. Contact stiffness depends on material properties, surface condition, and other factors like roughness and pre-stress.
Vibrations in a machine tool can be either forced or self-excited. Forced vibrations occur due to external forces, while self-excited vibrations arise from internal cutting processes without external disturbance.
Machine tool stability is influenced by its rigidity, damping, and mass. Thermal expansion of different parts can cause deformation and misalignment, known as thermal deformation, which can account for up to 70% of total error.
Currently, there is no universal standard for dynamic accuracy. Instead, it is often assessed indirectly through the precision achieved when machining typical parts.
3. Standardization and Generalization
Standardization, generalization, and serialization are closely linked. Variety serialization serves as the foundation for component standardization, and the standardization and generalization of parts help promote the serialization of product lines.
4. Machine Life
The longevity of a machine tool is determined by its structural reliability and wear resistance.
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