Introduction
The quality of a machine directly impacts the quality of the product it produces. Evaluating the quality of a machine tool involves multiple aspects, but it mainly requires good processability, serialization, generalization, high standardization, a simple structure, lightweight design, reliable performance, and high productivity. The key indicators include:
Process Capability
Process capability refers to a machine's ability to adapt to different production needs. General-purpose machine tools can handle various machining processes within a certain size range, making them more versatile but also more complex in structure. They are best suited for small-batch or single-piece production. Specialized machine tools, on the other hand, are designed for specific tasks and are ideal for mass production. They improve efficiency, ensure precision, simplify the machine design, and reduce costs.
2. Precision and Surface Roughness
To ensure the accuracy and surface finish of machined parts, the machine tool must possess certain levels of geometric, motion, transmission, and dynamic accuracy.
(1) Geometric, Motion, and Transmission Accuracy are Static Accuracies
Geometric accuracy relates to the positional and shape accuracy of the main components when the machine is not in operation. It plays a critical role in determining the overall machining accuracy and is a primary factor in evaluating the machine’s performance. Motion accuracy, meanwhile, refers to the positional accuracy of the main components during operation at working speed. Greater variations in position lead to lower motion accuracy. Transmission accuracy measures how well the movement is coordinated and uniform across the drive system.
These three types of accuracy are typically tested under no-load conditions. However, to fully reflect the machine's performance, it should maintain good dynamic accuracy and dimensional stability even after temperature rises. Factors like stiffness, vibration resistance, and thermal deformation significantly affect dynamic accuracy.
Machine stiffness is the ability to resist deformation under external forces. Higher stiffness leads to better dynamic performance. Stiffness includes both the inherent stiffness of individual components and the contact stiffness between them. Contact stiffness depends on factors such as material, surface geometry, hardness, roughness, and pre-stress.
Vibrations in a machine can be either forced or self-excited. Self-excited vibrations occur naturally during cutting without any external disturbance, while forced vibrations result from continuous external excitation. The machine’s seismic resistance is influenced by its stiffness, damping properties, and mass. Thermal deformation, caused by differing thermal expansion rates among machine parts, can account for up to 70% of total errors.
Currently, there is no universal standard for dynamic accuracy. Instead, it is often evaluated indirectly through the precision achieved when machining typical parts.
3. Serialization and Standardization
Serialization, generalization, and standardization of machine tools are closely linked. Variety serialization forms the foundation for component generalization and standardization. In turn, the generalization and standardization of components promote and enhance variety serialization.
4. Machine Life
The reliability and wear resistance of a machine tool’s structure are the main factors that determine its lifespan.
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