Machine tool cutting is achieved through the relative motion between the cutting tool and the workpiece. This motion can be classified into two main categories: surface-forming motion and auxiliary motion.
Surface-forming motion refers to the movement that shapes the workpiece into the desired geometry and dimensions. It consists of three types: the main motion, feed motion, and cutting motion. The main motion is responsible for removing excess material from the workpiece, and it can take various forms such as rotational motion (e.g., turning or drilling), linear motion (e.g., planing or shaping), or even a combination of both. The feed motion involves moving the tool or workpiece to allow continuous cutting, like the movement of the tool post along the machine bed during turning. The cutting motion, on the Other hand, is the motion that allows the tool to engage with the workpiece, cutting a specific depth of material per stroke, such as the cross-feed motion in lathe operations.
Auxiliary motions include actions like rapid tool approach and retraction, positioning of machine components, indexing of the workpiece or tool holder, material feeding, and control functions such as starting, stopping, reversing, and automatic tool changing. These motions are essential for ensuring smooth operation and efficient machining processes.
When evaluating the performance of machine tools, the key factors are machining accuracy and production efficiency. Machining accuracy covers dimensional precision, geometric shape accuracy, positional accuracy, surface finish, and the long-term stability of the finished part. Productivity is influenced by cutting time, auxiliary time, automation level, and the machine’s reliability. These performance metrics depend not only on static characteristics like geometric accuracy and stiffness but also on dynamic aspects such as motion accuracy, dynamic stiffness, thermal deformation, and noise levels. Understanding these elements helps in selecting and optimizing machine tools for different manufacturing applications.
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