With the rapid development of network technology, the Internet has created a new type of value chain and a new type of business - e-commerce, and many of the existing trade processes have been omitted. These processes include the management of the supply chain to the subsequent production, from marketing to the management of consumer resources. The Internet has proved its efficiency and effectiveness in this process.
However, these changes and benefits only illustrate a progress in the way of business, and this kind of Internet economy is similar in many aspects to the traditional physical market. There are also new technologies and new applications that are difficult to practice. For example, some consumers in the United States believe that SmartCards are an extra payment method. Existing payment methods such as credit cards, ATM cards, and checks are sufficient. So, what's the use of a smart card? Do we really need it? What is its development prospect? The author believes that smart cards can not only integrate all the payment functions of all cards and replace them, but also have traditional read-only cards. Offline processing capabilities. With this processing capability, smart cards have almost become omnipotent cards. It can be used as a payment tool, you can also operate your TV, DVD player, it can even connect your computer with the Internet at any time by telephone or satellite. As a smart computing base for dynamic computing, smart card technology will prove to be an extremely important application system in the network economy.
First, the application of smart cards
The ultimate application of a smart card depends on its various functions such as payment processing, identification, network computing, protection, and profit distribution. The application will process data that is read by the smart card reader and transmitted to the central computer at the other end of the system. The central computers of these smart card systems include the bank's payment server, traffic control center, mobile phone center, credit card server, government and other server providers. Smart card applications and publishers include many companies or agencies such as banks, governments, agencies, security agencies, electronics manufacturers, and service providers who are dedicated to the development and use of smart card technology for profit.
In fact, billions of smart cards are already in use worldwide. The volume of smart card transactions worldwide reached 1.6 billion UNITS in 1998, an increase of 23% from the 1.3 billion UNITS in 1993. In transactions using smart cards, Western European countries accounted for 70%, South America and Asia each 10%, and North America accounted for less than 5%. However, smart cards currently used are mostly money cards, and their processing capabilities are extremely limited. Of course, there are probably 1 million processor cards in use. Phone cards have become quite common in European and Asian countries where coin-operated telephones have been gradually repealed. These prepaid cards increase the revenue of payphone companies and allow more complex transactions with public phones. Although the popularity of telephone cards has greatly promoted consumers' broad understanding of smart cards, it is expected that the fastest growing smart cards in the 21st century will be processor cards.
Second, smart card technology and users
A smart card is a card equipped with a synthesizer loop chip. The perfect combination of traditional plastic cards and processors enables smart cards to store, recall, and process large amounts of information, whether online or not. The data storage capacity of smart cards is hundreds of times higher than that of ordinary magnetic stripe cards. The information and operations stored on the smart card IC chip can be transmitted via a tiny electronic component connected to the terminal. There is also a remote-controlled smart card that can communicate information with a receiving antenna through a wireless coil of its own.
Depending on the chip loaded, the smart card can be a stored-value card or a processor card. The key point of the smart card is that it has an IC chip, but this chip may only be a memory memory. Memory cards can store thousands of times more information than magnetic stripe cards, but are currently limited to general applications such as telephone IC cards.
The processor smart card has an extremely sophisticated microprocessor that can provide multiple functions like a processing device, such as advanced security mechanisms, local data processing, complex operations, and other interactive processing. Most memory cards that combine security, identification, and information value are processor cards. Only the processor card can adapt to the flexibility and versatility of the network economy.
All cards containing IC chips can be called smart cards. Although the PC card is also a kind of smart card, its uniqueness lies in that it is dedicated to personal activities and has all the features of a smart card, but it is only used as a peripheral device, such as a modem or a game floppy disk. These PC cards usually cannot be called smart cards because they are just some extension devices without any personalization. In this sense, a smart card is a processor card that allows people to establish digital connections with each other to handle transactions or perform other activities.
Smart card technology includes four important parts.
1, card manufacturing
A smart card starts with a controller that is provided by the semiconductor manufacturer. The composite closed-circuit chip is plugged into a hole in a mini-module and can be connected to this module, and then many terminals between the chip and the electronic micro-module are connected to each other. Finally, the chip-loaded micro-assembly is fixed on a plastic card so that a smart card is made.
2, card terminals and card readers
Traditional card readers or wireless terminals can read smart card data. A new type of floppy-like device allows the floppy drive of a PC to read smart card data. POS and ATM card reader manufacturers have also begun to produce smart card readers. This area has begun to appear worldwide.
3, the interface between the card and the terminal
There are connectors in the electronic micro-components serially mounted on the smart card. Through these connectors, information exchange between the IC chip and the card reader can be realized. Some international standards, such as ISO 7810, specify that different connectors handle different types of data, but a program that can be run on a network processor must be designed to manage information exchange. In order to achieve the multiple functions of smart cards, it is critical to have an interactive multi-platform application interface (API). There are some open API standards like the one provided by the Java Smart Card. The uniqueness of the JavaCard API is that it provides a wide range of tools from network computers, Internet TVs, smart phones, and other consumer devices. .
Third, the advantages of smart cards
Compared with traditional data transmission devices, smart cards have higher security, are more convenient, and bring greater economic benefits. In addition, smart card-based systems also have a high degree of adjustability to suit different people's needs. Smart cards can be used as payment, applications, network work, and other functional devices. The versatility of smart cards makes it an ideal user interface in the network economy.
1, security
The smart card includes encryption and authentication technologies that meet the needs of publishers and users for security. With encryption technology, data and data can be safely delivered via wired or wireless networks. For example, using biometric verification techniques based on individual rational characteristics, smart cards can be used to allocate government welfare spending to reduce fraud and misuse. The health card allows doctors to easily access information and to check patient records and insurance information at any time. Personalized network connection cards can safely and easily manage many different networks without special control costs.
2, convenience
The smart card can also integrate functions such as identity authentication, cash dispenser, copier, payphone, and health card. For example, the health card can directly obtain information about the patient that exists on the smart card, thereby reducing file processing costs. There are also many smart cards that combine authentication features with certain specific purposes, such as government-used charity cards and campus cards that can be used for university registration and food purchase at universities.
3, economic benefits
The smart card reduces the cost of the government's profit payment program because it uses no Paper and there is no paper processing cost. This saves manpower expenses and saves the time spent by manual labor. A convenient smart card payment system reduces maintenance costs for vending machines, fuel dispensers, and public phones. At the same time, according to statistics, the financial revenue will also increase by about 30%.
4, customized
A smart card includes personal networks, internet connections, payments, and other applications. With smart cards, people can establish personal network connections from anywhere in the world through call centers or kiosks. The web server authenticates the user's identity based on the information read on the smart card, providing a customized web page, E-mail connection, and other authorized services. Personal settings established for electronic devices, including computers, are not stored on the device itself, but rather on smart cards. If the phone number is on the smart card, not on the phone. Once a smart card becomes popular, a smart card in the user's hand is equivalent to the entire network and his personal computer.
5, other advantages
Cash is still a very important payment method in today's society. Therefore, it is necessary to find a safer, more convenient, and more economical alternative to realize the cash payment function. Currently, about 80% of payments are made through cash. Smart cards have several advantages over checks and credit cards:
(1) Reduced operating costs.
(2) Increased ease of use.
(3) Reduced infrastructure support costs, such as bank system and telephone network maintenance costs.
(4) A variety of functions of credit cards, cards, and money storage cards are centralized on one platform to realize one card multi-function.
(5) Reduced payment costs.
Fourth, the development of smart cards in the future
The smart card's payment system function synthesizes the application of multiple parts of the smart card because there is more than one way to pay for smart card services. However, smart cards are widely used as an ideal payment method. First of all, two controversial issues must be resolved for legal protection against accidental loss or fraud, as well as the supply and demand for microprocessing.
1, legal protection and reliability
Some electronic cash payment systems can avoid some of the above losses through a more detailed encryption mechanism. However, this adds to their operating costs, which greatly limits their advantages over cash and checks. Therefore, the protection of stored value on smart cards must be established at a low cost so as to truly protect the interests of consumers.
2, supply and demand
Low-level transactions require a more convenient and less expensive payment method. Cash used in these projects may be replaced by smart cards. But the real demand for intangible transactions and intangible payments in e-commerce depends on the form of information and other digital products on the Internet. If manufacturers and consumers like bulk transactions, there is no need to establish a flexible payment system. In contrast, non-volume and customized products require a system that is convenient for fragmented payments.
Even if the above problems are solved, the excelness of the smart card depends on whether the technology is widely used, not just that it has become a convenient payment method. The smart card platform has risen to the mainstream settlement field, and it has promoted service innovation as a multi-faceted technology on an active network. The current issue is how to make smart cards both supply scale and ensure its security and reliability. This includes both technical and social issues such as legal protection issues. However, it is undeniable that the trend of the widespread use of smart cards in the digital era is inevitable.
However, these changes and benefits only illustrate a progress in the way of business, and this kind of Internet economy is similar in many aspects to the traditional physical market. There are also new technologies and new applications that are difficult to practice. For example, some consumers in the United States believe that SmartCards are an extra payment method. Existing payment methods such as credit cards, ATM cards, and checks are sufficient. So, what's the use of a smart card? Do we really need it? What is its development prospect? The author believes that smart cards can not only integrate all the payment functions of all cards and replace them, but also have traditional read-only cards. Offline processing capabilities. With this processing capability, smart cards have almost become omnipotent cards. It can be used as a payment tool, you can also operate your TV, DVD player, it can even connect your computer with the Internet at any time by telephone or satellite. As a smart computing base for dynamic computing, smart card technology will prove to be an extremely important application system in the network economy.
First, the application of smart cards
The ultimate application of a smart card depends on its various functions such as payment processing, identification, network computing, protection, and profit distribution. The application will process data that is read by the smart card reader and transmitted to the central computer at the other end of the system. The central computers of these smart card systems include the bank's payment server, traffic control center, mobile phone center, credit card server, government and other server providers. Smart card applications and publishers include many companies or agencies such as banks, governments, agencies, security agencies, electronics manufacturers, and service providers who are dedicated to the development and use of smart card technology for profit.
In fact, billions of smart cards are already in use worldwide. The volume of smart card transactions worldwide reached 1.6 billion UNITS in 1998, an increase of 23% from the 1.3 billion UNITS in 1993. In transactions using smart cards, Western European countries accounted for 70%, South America and Asia each 10%, and North America accounted for less than 5%. However, smart cards currently used are mostly money cards, and their processing capabilities are extremely limited. Of course, there are probably 1 million processor cards in use. Phone cards have become quite common in European and Asian countries where coin-operated telephones have been gradually repealed. These prepaid cards increase the revenue of payphone companies and allow more complex transactions with public phones. Although the popularity of telephone cards has greatly promoted consumers' broad understanding of smart cards, it is expected that the fastest growing smart cards in the 21st century will be processor cards.
Second, smart card technology and users
A smart card is a card equipped with a synthesizer loop chip. The perfect combination of traditional plastic cards and processors enables smart cards to store, recall, and process large amounts of information, whether online or not. The data storage capacity of smart cards is hundreds of times higher than that of ordinary magnetic stripe cards. The information and operations stored on the smart card IC chip can be transmitted via a tiny electronic component connected to the terminal. There is also a remote-controlled smart card that can communicate information with a receiving antenna through a wireless coil of its own.
Depending on the chip loaded, the smart card can be a stored-value card or a processor card. The key point of the smart card is that it has an IC chip, but this chip may only be a memory memory. Memory cards can store thousands of times more information than magnetic stripe cards, but are currently limited to general applications such as telephone IC cards.
The processor smart card has an extremely sophisticated microprocessor that can provide multiple functions like a processing device, such as advanced security mechanisms, local data processing, complex operations, and other interactive processing. Most memory cards that combine security, identification, and information value are processor cards. Only the processor card can adapt to the flexibility and versatility of the network economy.
All cards containing IC chips can be called smart cards. Although the PC card is also a kind of smart card, its uniqueness lies in that it is dedicated to personal activities and has all the features of a smart card, but it is only used as a peripheral device, such as a modem or a game floppy disk. These PC cards usually cannot be called smart cards because they are just some extension devices without any personalization. In this sense, a smart card is a processor card that allows people to establish digital connections with each other to handle transactions or perform other activities.
Smart card technology includes four important parts.
1, card manufacturing
A smart card starts with a controller that is provided by the semiconductor manufacturer. The composite closed-circuit chip is plugged into a hole in a mini-module and can be connected to this module, and then many terminals between the chip and the electronic micro-module are connected to each other. Finally, the chip-loaded micro-assembly is fixed on a plastic card so that a smart card is made.
2, card terminals and card readers
Traditional card readers or wireless terminals can read smart card data. A new type of floppy-like device allows the floppy drive of a PC to read smart card data. POS and ATM card reader manufacturers have also begun to produce smart card readers. This area has begun to appear worldwide.
3, the interface between the card and the terminal
There are connectors in the electronic micro-components serially mounted on the smart card. Through these connectors, information exchange between the IC chip and the card reader can be realized. Some international standards, such as ISO 7810, specify that different connectors handle different types of data, but a program that can be run on a network processor must be designed to manage information exchange. In order to achieve the multiple functions of smart cards, it is critical to have an interactive multi-platform application interface (API). There are some open API standards like the one provided by the Java Smart Card. The uniqueness of the JavaCard API is that it provides a wide range of tools from network computers, Internet TVs, smart phones, and other consumer devices. .
Third, the advantages of smart cards
Compared with traditional data transmission devices, smart cards have higher security, are more convenient, and bring greater economic benefits. In addition, smart card-based systems also have a high degree of adjustability to suit different people's needs. Smart cards can be used as payment, applications, network work, and other functional devices. The versatility of smart cards makes it an ideal user interface in the network economy.
1, security
The smart card includes encryption and authentication technologies that meet the needs of publishers and users for security. With encryption technology, data and data can be safely delivered via wired or wireless networks. For example, using biometric verification techniques based on individual rational characteristics, smart cards can be used to allocate government welfare spending to reduce fraud and misuse. The health card allows doctors to easily access information and to check patient records and insurance information at any time. Personalized network connection cards can safely and easily manage many different networks without special control costs.
2, convenience
The smart card can also integrate functions such as identity authentication, cash dispenser, copier, payphone, and health card. For example, the health card can directly obtain information about the patient that exists on the smart card, thereby reducing file processing costs. There are also many smart cards that combine authentication features with certain specific purposes, such as government-used charity cards and campus cards that can be used for university registration and food purchase at universities.
3, economic benefits
The smart card reduces the cost of the government's profit payment program because it uses no Paper and there is no paper processing cost. This saves manpower expenses and saves the time spent by manual labor. A convenient smart card payment system reduces maintenance costs for vending machines, fuel dispensers, and public phones. At the same time, according to statistics, the financial revenue will also increase by about 30%.
4, customized
A smart card includes personal networks, internet connections, payments, and other applications. With smart cards, people can establish personal network connections from anywhere in the world through call centers or kiosks. The web server authenticates the user's identity based on the information read on the smart card, providing a customized web page, E-mail connection, and other authorized services. Personal settings established for electronic devices, including computers, are not stored on the device itself, but rather on smart cards. If the phone number is on the smart card, not on the phone. Once a smart card becomes popular, a smart card in the user's hand is equivalent to the entire network and his personal computer.
5, other advantages
Cash is still a very important payment method in today's society. Therefore, it is necessary to find a safer, more convenient, and more economical alternative to realize the cash payment function. Currently, about 80% of payments are made through cash. Smart cards have several advantages over checks and credit cards:
(1) Reduced operating costs.
(2) Increased ease of use.
(3) Reduced infrastructure support costs, such as bank system and telephone network maintenance costs.
(4) A variety of functions of credit cards, cards, and money storage cards are centralized on one platform to realize one card multi-function.
(5) Reduced payment costs.
Fourth, the development of smart cards in the future
The smart card's payment system function synthesizes the application of multiple parts of the smart card because there is more than one way to pay for smart card services. However, smart cards are widely used as an ideal payment method. First of all, two controversial issues must be resolved for legal protection against accidental loss or fraud, as well as the supply and demand for microprocessing.
1, legal protection and reliability
Some electronic cash payment systems can avoid some of the above losses through a more detailed encryption mechanism. However, this adds to their operating costs, which greatly limits their advantages over cash and checks. Therefore, the protection of stored value on smart cards must be established at a low cost so as to truly protect the interests of consumers.
2, supply and demand
Low-level transactions require a more convenient and less expensive payment method. Cash used in these projects may be replaced by smart cards. But the real demand for intangible transactions and intangible payments in e-commerce depends on the form of information and other digital products on the Internet. If manufacturers and consumers like bulk transactions, there is no need to establish a flexible payment system. In contrast, non-volume and customized products require a system that is convenient for fragmented payments.
Even if the above problems are solved, the excelness of the smart card depends on whether the technology is widely used, not just that it has become a convenient payment method. The smart card platform has risen to the mainstream settlement field, and it has promoted service innovation as a multi-faceted technology on an active network. The current issue is how to make smart cards both supply scale and ensure its security and reliability. This includes both technical and social issues such as legal protection issues. However, it is undeniable that the trend of the widespread use of smart cards in the digital era is inevitable.
Dynasul Liquid Dyes are environmental-friendly liquid sulfuration dyes . Dynasul dyes are Sulphur Dyes for cotton with good wash fastness.
Sulphur dyes are inexpensive dyes used to dye cotton with dark colors. Dyeing is effected by heating the fabric in a solution of an organic compound, typically a nitrophenol derivative, and sulphide or polysulfide. The organic compound reacts with the sulphide source to form dark colors that adhere to the fabric. Sulphur Black 1, is our largest selling sulphur dye by volume.
Sulphur Dyes
Sulphur Dyes, Sulphur Green Dyes, Sulphur Black Dyes
Dynasty Chemicals (NingBo) Co., Ltd. , https://www.dychemco.com