(A) There are many types of non-ferrous metals, usually divided into two major categories of ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals. Ferrous metals include iron, manganese, chromium, and their alloys. Eighty-three kinds of metals other than iron, manganese, and chromium are called non-ferrous metals.
The classification of non-ferrous metals is not completely uniform in all countries. According to its weight, price, reserves and distribution in the earth's crust, and people's discovery and use of the morning and evening are divided into five categories: 1) light non-ferrous metals; 2) heavy non-ferrous metals; 3) rare metals; 4) precious metals ;5) Half metal.
(b) Ten kinds of non-ferrous metals Ten kinds of non-ferrous metals refer to ten kinds of non-ferrous metals that are produced in large quantities and widely used in non-ferrous metals, also known as ten kinds of non-ferrous metals. The production of non-ferrous metals in the world generally refers to the total output of ten non-ferrous metals such as aluminum, magnesium, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, tin, antimony and mercury. Ten types of non-ferrous metals in China generally refer to ten types of copper, aluminum, nickel, lead, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, tin, antimony, and mercury, that is, foreign magnesium and drills are replaced with tungsten and molybdenum.
(3) Light non-ferrous metals Light non-ferrous metals generally refer to non-ferrous metals with a specific gravity below 4.5, including aluminum, magnesium, sodium, potassium, calcium, strontium and barium. The common features of these metals are: small specific gravity (0.53 to 4.5), large chemical activity, and fairly stable oxygen, sulfur, carbon, and halogen compounds. Light metal aluminum accounts for 8% of the weight of the earth's crust (5% of iron) in nature. With the development of aluminum smelting technology in modern times and the wide application of aluminum in various sectors of the national economy, aluminum has become the largest metal in non-ferrous metals production, and its output has exceeded one-third of the total output of non-ferrous metals.
(4) Heavy Non-Ferrous Metals Non-ferrous metals generally refer to non-ferrous metals with a specific gravity of more than 4.5, including copper, nickel, lead, zinc, cobalt, tin, antimony, mercury, cadmium, and bismuth. Each type of heavy non-ferrous metal has its special application range and use in various sectors of the national economy according to its characteristics. For example, copper is the basic material for military and electrical equipment; lead is widely used for acid-resistant pipes and batteries in the chemical industry; galvanized steel is widely used in industry and life; and nickel and cobalt are important for the production of high-temperature alloys and stainless steel. Strategic supplies.
(e) Precious metals Such metals include gold, silver and platinum group elements (platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, tantalum, palladium, rhodium). Because of their stability to oxygen and other reagents, as well as their low content in the earth's crust, extraction and extraction are difficult, so the price is more expensive than ordinary metals and hence it is named precious metal. These metals have separate minerals except gold, silver, and platinum. Most of them are produced from ores, and most of them are recovered from by-products (anodic sludge) of smelters such as copper, lead, zinc, and nickel. They are characterized by a large specific gravity (10.4 to 22.4), among which platinum, rhodium, and ruthenium are the heaviest metals among the metal elements; they have a high melting point (916 to 3000°C); they are chemically stable, resistant to acids and alkalis, and difficult to erode. (Except silver and palladium). In addition, gold and silver have high forgeability and plasticity, and palladium and platinum also have good plasticity, and others are brittle metals. Gold and silver have good electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, but platinum group elements are very low. Precious metals are widely used in the electrical and electronics industries, the aerospace industry, and high-temperature meters and contact agents.
(6) Semi-metal Semi-metal generally refers to silicon, selenium, tellurium, arsenic and boron. Its physical and chemical properties are between metal and non-metal, such as arsenic is non-metallic, but it can heat conduction. These metals have different uses depending on their properties. Silicon is one of the main materials for semiconductors; high-purity germanium, selenium, and arsenic are raw materials for the manufacture of compound semiconductors; and boron is an additive element for alloys.
(VII) Rare Metals Rare metals are usually those metals that are rare in nature, sparsely distributed, or difficult to extract from raw materials. Some of the following metals are generally considered to be rare metals: lithium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, indium, niobium, tantalum, niobium, tantalum, niobium,铈, 镨, é’•, é’·, é’, é“•, é’†, 铽, é•, é’¬, é“’, é“¥, 镱, é•¥, é’‹, é•, 锕, é’, 镤 and uranium as well as artificial transuranic elements. For the convenience of research, according to certain common points of various rare metals (such as the physical and chemical properties of metals, the symbiosis of raw materials, production processes, etc.), they are divided into the following five categories: 1) rare light metals; 2) rare high-melting-point metals; 3) Rarely dispersed metals; 4) Rare earth metals; 5) Rare radioactive metals. Rare metals are commonly used in the metallurgical industry to make special steels, super hard alloys, and high temperature resistant alloys. The name of rare metals also has a certain degree of relativity, rare metals are not all scarce, many rare metals in the earth's crust are much larger than commonly used metals, such as zirconium, vanadium, lithium, antimony content than lead, zinc, mercury, Tin content is large. With the development of science and technology, the boundaries between them and ordinary metals are gradually disappearing.
(8) Rare Light Metals Rare light metals include the following five metals: lithium, cesium, rubidium, cesium, and titanium. Their common features are the small proportion (lithium - 0.53, thorium - 1.85, thorium - 1.55, thorium - 1.87, titanium - 4.5), very strong chemical activity. Oxides and chlorides of these metals are highly chemically stable and difficult to reduce.
(9) Rare high melting point metals Rare high melting point metals include the following 8 metals: tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, and niobium. Their common features are high melting points (from 1830°C (zirconium) to 3400°C (tungsten)), high hardness, strong corrosion resistance, and the ability to form very hard and very refractory stable compounds with some non-metals, such as carbides, Nitrides, silicides, and borides. These compounds are important materials for the production of hard alloys.
(10) Rare-earth metals Rare-earth metals include lanthanides and lanthanides with similar properties to lanthanides. Altogether 17 are found: Sc, Y, La, Ce, and Ru ( Pr), Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Ru ( Tm), Yb, and Lu. From lutetium to lutetium, it is also called light rare earth; from lutetium to lutetium, lutetium and lutetium are called heavy rare earths. In the eighteenth century, rare earth oxides that looked like alkaline earth (such as calcium oxide) were only obtained, so they were named "rare earth" and are still in use today. The atomic structures of these metals are the same, and their physical and chemical properties are similar. In the ore they are always associated with each other. In the extraction process, they must be separated by onerous operations.
(11) Rare radioactive metals belonging to this category are various natural radioactive elements: Po, Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, and U. Artificial transuranic elements; Fr, Tc, NP, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, and Es , Fm, Md, No, and Lw. Natural radioactive elements often coexist in ore. They are often associated with rare earth minerals. Such metals play an extremely important role in the atomic energy industry.
(12) Non-ferrous metal alloys containing a non-ferrous metal as a matrix, and adding another (or several) metal or non-metal components to form a substance having both basic metal properties and certain specific properties are called colored Metal alloys. There are many ways to classify non-ferrous metal alloys. According to the matrix metal can be divided into copper alloys, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, nickel alloys, etc.; according to its production methods, can be divided into casting alloys and deformed alloys; according to the number of elements of the alloy composition, can be divided into binary alloys, three yuan Alloys, quaternary alloys and multi-element alloys. In general, alloys with a total content of less than 2.5% are low alloys, alloys with a content of 2.5 to 10% are medium alloys, and alloys with a content greater than 10% are high alloys. Many of the alloys are superior to pure metals. For example, the strength of pure aluminum is very low and it is not suitable as a structural material, and hard aluminum (aluminum-copper-magnesium aluminum alloy) is about six times stronger than pure aluminum after heat treatment, and is widely used in aviation and machinery industries. Structural materials.
(13) Aluminum alloys Aluminum-based alloys containing one or more other elements (such as copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, etc.) are called aluminum alloys. Because of the low strength of pure aluminum, its use has been limited; aluminum alloys are widely used in industry. According to the production process can be divided into deformed aluminum alloy and cast aluminum alloy. Deformed aluminum alloys are supplied with semi-finished materials in various pressures; cast aluminum alloys are supplied in alloy ingots. The aluminum alloy has a light specific gravity, high enough strength, and good plasticity and corrosion resistance. Most aluminum alloys can be strengthened by heat treatment. Therefore, aluminum alloys are widely used in the aviation industry, automobiles, tractor manufacturing and other industrial sectors.
(14) Deformed aluminum alloys The aluminum alloys used for the production of tubes, rods, wires, types, plates, strips, strips, etc. by pressure processing are called deformed aluminum alloys. According to the performance and use, it is divided into five categories: hard aluminum, rust-proof aluminum alloy, super-hard aluminum, wrought aluminum and special aluminum. Each category has many varieties and grades.
The classification of non-ferrous metals is not completely uniform in all countries. According to its weight, price, reserves and distribution in the earth's crust, and people's discovery and use of the morning and evening are divided into five categories: 1) light non-ferrous metals; 2) heavy non-ferrous metals; 3) rare metals; 4) precious metals ;5) Half metal.
(b) Ten kinds of non-ferrous metals Ten kinds of non-ferrous metals refer to ten kinds of non-ferrous metals that are produced in large quantities and widely used in non-ferrous metals, also known as ten kinds of non-ferrous metals. The production of non-ferrous metals in the world generally refers to the total output of ten non-ferrous metals such as aluminum, magnesium, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, tin, antimony and mercury. Ten types of non-ferrous metals in China generally refer to ten types of copper, aluminum, nickel, lead, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, tin, antimony, and mercury, that is, foreign magnesium and drills are replaced with tungsten and molybdenum.
(3) Light non-ferrous metals Light non-ferrous metals generally refer to non-ferrous metals with a specific gravity below 4.5, including aluminum, magnesium, sodium, potassium, calcium, strontium and barium. The common features of these metals are: small specific gravity (0.53 to 4.5), large chemical activity, and fairly stable oxygen, sulfur, carbon, and halogen compounds. Light metal aluminum accounts for 8% of the weight of the earth's crust (5% of iron) in nature. With the development of aluminum smelting technology in modern times and the wide application of aluminum in various sectors of the national economy, aluminum has become the largest metal in non-ferrous metals production, and its output has exceeded one-third of the total output of non-ferrous metals.
(4) Heavy Non-Ferrous Metals Non-ferrous metals generally refer to non-ferrous metals with a specific gravity of more than 4.5, including copper, nickel, lead, zinc, cobalt, tin, antimony, mercury, cadmium, and bismuth. Each type of heavy non-ferrous metal has its special application range and use in various sectors of the national economy according to its characteristics. For example, copper is the basic material for military and electrical equipment; lead is widely used for acid-resistant pipes and batteries in the chemical industry; galvanized steel is widely used in industry and life; and nickel and cobalt are important for the production of high-temperature alloys and stainless steel. Strategic supplies.
(e) Precious metals Such metals include gold, silver and platinum group elements (platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, tantalum, palladium, rhodium). Because of their stability to oxygen and other reagents, as well as their low content in the earth's crust, extraction and extraction are difficult, so the price is more expensive than ordinary metals and hence it is named precious metal. These metals have separate minerals except gold, silver, and platinum. Most of them are produced from ores, and most of them are recovered from by-products (anodic sludge) of smelters such as copper, lead, zinc, and nickel. They are characterized by a large specific gravity (10.4 to 22.4), among which platinum, rhodium, and ruthenium are the heaviest metals among the metal elements; they have a high melting point (916 to 3000°C); they are chemically stable, resistant to acids and alkalis, and difficult to erode. (Except silver and palladium). In addition, gold and silver have high forgeability and plasticity, and palladium and platinum also have good plasticity, and others are brittle metals. Gold and silver have good electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, but platinum group elements are very low. Precious metals are widely used in the electrical and electronics industries, the aerospace industry, and high-temperature meters and contact agents.
(6) Semi-metal Semi-metal generally refers to silicon, selenium, tellurium, arsenic and boron. Its physical and chemical properties are between metal and non-metal, such as arsenic is non-metallic, but it can heat conduction. These metals have different uses depending on their properties. Silicon is one of the main materials for semiconductors; high-purity germanium, selenium, and arsenic are raw materials for the manufacture of compound semiconductors; and boron is an additive element for alloys.
(VII) Rare Metals Rare metals are usually those metals that are rare in nature, sparsely distributed, or difficult to extract from raw materials. Some of the following metals are generally considered to be rare metals: lithium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, indium, niobium, tantalum, niobium, tantalum, niobium,铈, 镨, é’•, é’·, é’, é“•, é’†, 铽, é•, é’¬, é“’, é“¥, 镱, é•¥, é’‹, é•, 锕, é’, 镤 and uranium as well as artificial transuranic elements. For the convenience of research, according to certain common points of various rare metals (such as the physical and chemical properties of metals, the symbiosis of raw materials, production processes, etc.), they are divided into the following five categories: 1) rare light metals; 2) rare high-melting-point metals; 3) Rarely dispersed metals; 4) Rare earth metals; 5) Rare radioactive metals. Rare metals are commonly used in the metallurgical industry to make special steels, super hard alloys, and high temperature resistant alloys. The name of rare metals also has a certain degree of relativity, rare metals are not all scarce, many rare metals in the earth's crust are much larger than commonly used metals, such as zirconium, vanadium, lithium, antimony content than lead, zinc, mercury, Tin content is large. With the development of science and technology, the boundaries between them and ordinary metals are gradually disappearing.
(8) Rare Light Metals Rare light metals include the following five metals: lithium, cesium, rubidium, cesium, and titanium. Their common features are the small proportion (lithium - 0.53, thorium - 1.85, thorium - 1.55, thorium - 1.87, titanium - 4.5), very strong chemical activity. Oxides and chlorides of these metals are highly chemically stable and difficult to reduce.
(9) Rare high melting point metals Rare high melting point metals include the following 8 metals: tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium, vanadium, and niobium. Their common features are high melting points (from 1830°C (zirconium) to 3400°C (tungsten)), high hardness, strong corrosion resistance, and the ability to form very hard and very refractory stable compounds with some non-metals, such as carbides, Nitrides, silicides, and borides. These compounds are important materials for the production of hard alloys.
(10) Rare-earth metals Rare-earth metals include lanthanides and lanthanides with similar properties to lanthanides. Altogether 17 are found: Sc, Y, La, Ce, and Ru ( Pr), Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Ru ( Tm), Yb, and Lu. From lutetium to lutetium, it is also called light rare earth; from lutetium to lutetium, lutetium and lutetium are called heavy rare earths. In the eighteenth century, rare earth oxides that looked like alkaline earth (such as calcium oxide) were only obtained, so they were named "rare earth" and are still in use today. The atomic structures of these metals are the same, and their physical and chemical properties are similar. In the ore they are always associated with each other. In the extraction process, they must be separated by onerous operations.
(11) Rare radioactive metals belonging to this category are various natural radioactive elements: Po, Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, and U. Artificial transuranic elements; Fr, Tc, NP, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, and Es , Fm, Md, No, and Lw. Natural radioactive elements often coexist in ore. They are often associated with rare earth minerals. Such metals play an extremely important role in the atomic energy industry.
(12) Non-ferrous metal alloys containing a non-ferrous metal as a matrix, and adding another (or several) metal or non-metal components to form a substance having both basic metal properties and certain specific properties are called colored Metal alloys. There are many ways to classify non-ferrous metal alloys. According to the matrix metal can be divided into copper alloys, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, nickel alloys, etc.; according to its production methods, can be divided into casting alloys and deformed alloys; according to the number of elements of the alloy composition, can be divided into binary alloys, three yuan Alloys, quaternary alloys and multi-element alloys. In general, alloys with a total content of less than 2.5% are low alloys, alloys with a content of 2.5 to 10% are medium alloys, and alloys with a content greater than 10% are high alloys. Many of the alloys are superior to pure metals. For example, the strength of pure aluminum is very low and it is not suitable as a structural material, and hard aluminum (aluminum-copper-magnesium aluminum alloy) is about six times stronger than pure aluminum after heat treatment, and is widely used in aviation and machinery industries. Structural materials.
(13) Aluminum alloys Aluminum-based alloys containing one or more other elements (such as copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, etc.) are called aluminum alloys. Because of the low strength of pure aluminum, its use has been limited; aluminum alloys are widely used in industry. According to the production process can be divided into deformed aluminum alloy and cast aluminum alloy. Deformed aluminum alloys are supplied with semi-finished materials in various pressures; cast aluminum alloys are supplied in alloy ingots. The aluminum alloy has a light specific gravity, high enough strength, and good plasticity and corrosion resistance. Most aluminum alloys can be strengthened by heat treatment. Therefore, aluminum alloys are widely used in the aviation industry, automobiles, tractor manufacturing and other industrial sectors.
(14) Deformed aluminum alloys The aluminum alloys used for the production of tubes, rods, wires, types, plates, strips, strips, etc. by pressure processing are called deformed aluminum alloys. According to the performance and use, it is divided into five categories: hard aluminum, rust-proof aluminum alloy, super-hard aluminum, wrought aluminum and special aluminum. Each category has many varieties and grades.