Apple tree fertilization method

For the supply of mineral nutrients, it is mainly based on organic fertilizer and regulated with chemical fertilizers. The common fertilizer has a single nutrient element content, and the single application often causes an excess of certain elements, resulting in an antagonistic effect between the elements. The special fertilizer for fruit trees not only contains a large number of elements required for fruit trees, but also has trace elements that are rare but necessary, and the various elements should be proportioned as needed. Therefore, attention should be paid to the application of special fertilizer for fruit trees in production.

　　 At present, in the production of fruit trees fertilization, the use of leaf analysis nutritional diagnosis methods to guide the ratio of fertilization to elements. Reasonable fertilization amount and ratio between elements are prerequisites for high yield and high quality of apple production. Blind fertilization, regardless of the profit and loss and balance between the elements, will inevitably lead to a reduction in fruit yield and a decline in quality. If the nitrogen fertilizer is applied outdated, the tree will grow vigorously, the coloration is poor, the flavor is light and the fruit is not resistant to storage. At the same time, the increase of nitrogen level will also affect the absorption of phosphorus and boron. Therefore, although the apple tree requires a lot of various elements, each element should not be too much or too little. In terms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the normal content of apple leaves accounted for 2.0~2.4%, 0.15~0.20% and 1.2~1.5% of the dry matter weight of the leaves, respectively. Below or above this standard, it should be considered abnormal. It should be pointed out that the mineral nutrients are different in their absorption and utilization, and the difference in soil, so there are also differences in the ratio. Generally, the suitable ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the plain area of ​​Tianjin is 2:2:1 or 1:2:1; the result tree is 2:1:2. However, the short-branch marshal apples have a higher need for nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers than potash. Therefore, in the compound fertilizer ratio, attention should be paid to tree species and varieties.

1 , base fertilizer

    Base fertilizer is the main source of nutrients in apple trees, accounting for more than 60% of the annual fertilization (vegan). It is an important means to improve soil fertility, improve soil and change soil environment. In the type of fertilizer, it is generally based on farmyard manure, including farmyard manure, manure, and soil manure. The base fertilizer application period is generally in the autumn after fruit harvesting. But the base fertilizer should not be late. In particular, the result of a large tree or a tree with many results in the year must be applied early and applied. Early application of base fertilizer, fertilizer has sufficient time to decompose and decompose. In this way, the fertilizer can meet the needs of the root growth peak of the year, and also meet the peak of nutrient accumulation in the autumn of the tree. At the same time, it has a direct and important effect on the abortion of flowers caused by lack of nutrition and the growth of new shoots of flowering and fruit setting in the following year. If the fertilizer is applied in the autumn or early spring, it is necessary to apply the mature fertilizer. Otherwise, due to the late exertion of fertilizer effect, the late growth of the tree will lead to the growth of the tree body, prolong the growth period, and make the new shoots less mature and difficult to winter. Early application of base fertilizer is also conducive to the healing of root wounds, and can increase the ground temperature, stimulate the growth of roots and reduce the freezing damage of roots. The specific time in the northern region is generally from early September to mid-October.

    In the fertilization method, there are annular groove application, radial groove application, and whole garden application. The annular groove is suitable for implementation in the sapling stage. The sapling roots are distributed in a small range, and an annular groove is dug along the periphery of the canopy. The depth should be based on the depth of the main distribution of the roots of the tree. The tree can be deeper and the tree can be shallower. The fertilizer is then mixed with the topsoil into the trench. In the second year of application of the base fertilizer, the outer side of the fertilization trench was dug in the first year. Gradually expand the scope of fertilization in the future.

    As the age of the tree grows, the distribution of the root system becomes larger and larger, and the projected area of ​​the canopy increases accordingly. In order to make the root system better absorb nutrients, the fertilization adopts radial ditch application. That is, starting from the vicinity of the trunk, 4 to 6 radial grooves are dug outside the canopy. The width of the ditch is 30~50 cm, and the depth gradually deepens according to the trunk. Usually 10 ~ 40 cm, the same fat and soil mixed with the application. This method of radiation ditch should change position every year. Ditching and fertilization is the main method for fertilizing adult fruit trees. The ditch is 40~50 cm deep and 30-40 cm wide at the outer edge of the canopy. The fertilizer is filled and mixed with the soil. In the second year, the corresponding surface of the fertilization in the first year was dug, and the position was changed every year and the fertilization was expanded outward.

    The whole garden is applied to the orchard of the crown tree. This method is generally used in the inconvenient application of the first few methods, and the use of the crown is closed. Spread the fertilizer directly under the fruit tree and turn it into the 15-20 cm soil. Some places use the method of skillful fertilization. This method is more beneficial for thin, dry and less rainy mountain orchards. The specific method is to inscribe 50 to 70 cm in the periphery of the canopy, digging a depth of 40 cm, and having a diameter of 30 cm, 4 to 6 holes, each hole is placed with a grass handle (water soaked) of about 30 to 35 cm in length. Spread a certain amount of fertilizer on the straw, then fill it back and fill it with water, covered with a plastic film. Next time watering and fertilizing, make a small hole in the film, then water the fertilizer, and finally cover the hole with stones. Practice has proved that this method can make the fertilizer water directly to the distribution layer of apple roots, which not only meets the needs of fruit tree growth, but also saves water and fertilizer, and improves soil benefits.

    Some orchards use green manure, and the application method is the same as that of general base fertilizer. However, since the green manure contains more nitrogen and less phosphorus, when applying green manure, some phosphate fertilizers such as superphosphate may be mixed. Each fruit tree can be applied with 25-50 kg of green manure. When applying, pay attention to a layer of green manure soil, and apply the size of the ditch 2 to 3 times to avoid the accumulation of decay and fever to affect the normal growth of apple roots.

    In short, the base fertilizer is very important. The organic fertilizer contains only various nutrients needed for the growth and development of fruit trees, and can also improve the soil. Therefore, the application of base fertilizer must be emphasized in production. When saplings, each 1000 square meters should be more than 3,000 kg. In the fruit-bearing period, at least 2 kg of organic fertilizer should be applied per kilogram of fruit.

2 , top dressing

    Top dressing is also called composting, which is a deficiency of supplementing base fertilizer. It should be applied according to the fertilizer demand in each period of the apple tree in a year. Generally, apple trees can be topdressed in three periods.

(1) Top dressing before germination: This time of topdressing is before the germination of apple trees in spring, roughly around the end of March, and the time is too early to affect the temperature rise. Topdressing is mainly to supplement the lack of nutrients in the first year of storage. It has a direct effect on future flowering, sitting and so on. In the fertilizer type, it is mainly based on quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, such as urea and ammonium sulfate. The amount of topdressing depends on the age of the tree, the strength of the tree, and the yield. Generally, the young trees are 0.1~0.25 kg per plant. Enter the big tree in the fruiting period, 1~2 kg per plant. In the method, the sulcus can be opened under the tree, the depth of the ditch is 5~10 cm, 4~`6, and the fertilizer is evenly sprinkled, and then the soil is watered immediately after the soil is covered. It can also be applied under the tree, or under the canopy along the outer annular groove 5~10 cm deep. The crown orchard can also be turned into the soil after being applied under the tree. (2) Post-flowering top dressing: that is, top dressing after apple blossoming. This period is the period when apple trees need most nutrients. In addition to the rapid formation and growth of young fruits, at the same time, the new shoots are growing vigorously. The two are prone to contradictions and competing in nutrient distribution. Therefore, the topdressing in this period is quite important, and it has a direct effect on the size, yield and quality of the fruit, the rapid growth of new shoots and the rapid formation of leaf curtains.

    According to reports, 25 days after the flowering of the Fuji Fuji variety, the fruit cells are separated from each other. Grasping this period to satisfy the supply of water and fertilizer, and improving the cell division coefficient of the "Fuji" fruit and increasing the fruit weight, it has a multiplier effect.

(3) Topdressing of fruit during rapid expansion: This topdressing is mainly to accelerate the rapid expansion of the fruit and increase the cell expansion rate. It plays an important role in improving production, overcoming the "years and years" of the tree and promoting flower bud differentiation. This period is based on the second top dressing, after the physiological drop. The type of fertilizer is still mainly nitrogen, and it is most ideal with phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer.

    According to the survey, the rapid expansion period (growth peak) of apple fruit varies with region and variety. The Tianjin Linguo Research Institute investigated the short-branched and golden-crowned varieties of the Marshal, and the fruit growth peak appeared in the middle to late June to the middle of July. That is, after the middle of June, the fruit enters the rapid expansion period.

    In the production practice, the topdressing should master the principle of fertilization, the principle of fertilization due to the land, the strength of the tree, the number of results, and the demand for nutrients. For the large amount of results, weak trees should eat "biased rice" and should be given more fertilizer. For Zhuangshu, trees with less flowering or young fruit, in order to alleviate the growth of branches and leaves, promote the formation of short branches and flower bud differentiation, the tops should be topdressed after the new shoots are stopped. For the "big year" tree should increase the middle and late fattening. The "small year" tree should focus on topdressing before and after germination. It should be pointed out that it is not too late for the top and bottom of the fruit trees. The quantity should not be too much. In order to avoid causing the new shoots to grow up in the late autumn, reduce the nutrient accumulation level and cold resistance of the tree. It also affects the coloration and fruit quality of the variety.

    Because of the topdressing of the soil, the soil conditions of the orchard are different, and the topdressing should be treated differently. The sand is rich in fertilizer and water retention. It is necessary to chase after less application, do not pour large water after topdressing, and cause loss of water and fertilizer with tin. In saline-alkali soil, the effective phosphorus content in the soil is low, and phosphate fertilizer should be added when topdressing (earth application or root application).

3 , root dressing

    Top dressing is a supplementary fertilization method in fruit tree production. That is, the fertilizer is formulated into a suitable concentration of the solution, sprayed onto the leaf surface of the apple tree, and then the tree body is absorbed by the leaves and used. This method is simple and easy to perform, and can be combined with spraying pesticides to save labor and reduce costs. At the same time, the use of less fertilizer, quick effect, high fertilizer utilization rate, can also avoid the loss of soil fertilizer after some fertilizer soil application, such as phosphate fertilizer, generally foliar spray fertilizer is absorbed by the leaves in a short time, 10-15 days after spraying The body changes, not affected by the tree-shaped nutrient distribution and root activity, and the sprayed parts benefit, satisfying the urgent need of tree growth and development, such as phosphorus deficiency, calcium and magnesium in acidic soil. Alkaline soils are prone to iron, boron, manganese, etc., which can be solved by foliar application.

    The types of top dressings are single, such as urea, boron, sand, zinc sulfate, etc.; complex such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate; etc.; diverse, such as love more, must overcharge, leaf noodles and so on.

    The external top dressing should be sprayed when the light is weak after three or four in the afternoon. The light is strong at noon, the temperature is high, and the fertilizer liquid evaporates quickly on the leaf surface, which is easy to burn the leaves. At the same time, the fertilizer solution has a short residence time on the leaf surface and less absorption. Generally, the back of the leaf is easy to absorb the fertilizer, so when spraying fertilizer, pay attention to evenly spray the leaf back.

    According to reports, after apple harvesting, the fruit is harvested (from September to October). Spraying 2% high-concentration urea improves the quality of flower buds, prevents the flower from aborting, and increases the autumn nutrient accumulation level of the tree. . The reason is that in the hot summer of September, the apple tree has gradually transitioned from a prosperous growth period to a stagnant growth. The growth of the roots showed the first growth peak. The accumulation of nutrients in the tree and the efficient photosynthesis provide favorable conditions. Grasping this opportunity to supplement the tree's urgent need for nutrition, spraying high-concentration urea on the foliage, it can do more with less to improve the photosynthetic accumulation of the tree and increase the level of nutrient accumulation.

    Pay attention to the top dressing: In the summer, the temperature should be too high. It should be sprayed before 10:00 am or after 4 pm. When spraying borax, it should be dissolved with warm water and then applied to water. Effectively boric acid, insoluble in water at room temperature.

    Top dressing is not a substitute for soil fertilization. Both have their own characteristics and complement each other. We must strive for more sprays, spraying 4~5 times a year.

    The urea is neutral, the active ingredient is high, and the urea molecule is small in volume, hygroscopic, and easily absorbed by the leaves. Can be mixed with Bordeaux liquid or zinc sulfate, borax and other fertilizers.

    Potassium dihydrogen phosphate generally contains about 50% phosphorus pentoxide and about 30% potassium oxide. The fertilizer is very soluble in water, has an acidic reaction, is stable in nature, non-volatile, and does not absorb moisture. It is a high-efficiency compound fertilizer suitable for root dressing. It is usually sprayed after entering July, and sprayed 2 to 3 times a year.

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